Alternate Routes on the Roadmap to an HIV Vaccine: Importance of Innate and Adaptive Mucosal Immunity
Kenneth L. Rosenthal
from: AIDS Vaccine Development: Challenges and Opportunities (Edited by: Wayne Koff, Patricia Kahn and Ian D. Gust). Caister Academic Press, U.K. (2007)
Abstract
HIV is a mucosally transmitted virus that rapidly targets and dramatically depletes activated CD4+ CCR5+ T-cells in mucosal tissues and establishes a major reservoir for viral persistence in gut-associated lymphoid tissues. Several lines of evidence implicate mucosal responses in immune protection against HIV (and SIV), which argues that HIV vaccine development should be re-oriented to emphasize mucosal immunization routes that induce long-term innate and adaptive mucosal responses. A growing body of knowledge and methods can accelerate progress towards this goal. Recent advances in our understanding of innate immunity have ushered in a new era of studies on vaccine adjuvants that promote mucosal responses when used with a variety of candidate vaccines (including some based on recombinant vectors that target the mucosa) and are proving effective at inducing durable mucosal immunity in mouse models. At the same time, advances in immunogenomics and proteomics are providing opportunities to discover novel genes and molecules involved in vaccine-induced mucosal immunity, while new assays that permit simultaneous measurement of multiple immune responses will greatly facilitate the assessment of mucosal immunity in the context of HIV vaccine trials read more ...
