Caister Academic Press

Alphaherpesvirus Latency and Reactivation with a Focus on Herpes Simplex Virus

Nancy M Sawtell and Richard L Thompson
from: Alphaherpesviruses: Molecular Biology, Host Interactions and Control (Edited by: Ekaterina E. Heldwein and Gregory A. Smith). Caister Academic Press, U.K. (2020) Pages: 261-350.

Abstract

Open-access article
We are at an interesting time in the understanding of alpha herpesvirus latency and reactivation and their implications to human disease. Conceptual advances have come from both animal and neuronal culture models. This chapter focuses on the concept that the tegument protein and viral transactivator VP16 plays a major role in the transition from latency to the lytic cycle. During acute infection, regulation of VP16 transactivation balances spread in the nervous system, establishment of latent infections and virulence. Reactivation is dependent on this transactivator to drive entry into the lytic cycle. In vivo de novo expression of VP16 protein is mediated by sequences conferring pre-immediate early transcription embedded in the normally leaky late promoter. In vitro, alternate mechanisms regulating VP16 expression in the context of latency have come from the SCG neuron culture model and include the concepts that (i) generalized transcriptional derepression of the viral genome and sequestration of VP16 in the cytoplasm for ~48 hours (Phase I) precedes and is required for VP16-dependent reactivation (Phase II); and (ii) a histone methyl/phospho switch during Phase I is required for Phase II reactivation. The challenge to the field is reconciling these data into a unified model of virus reactivation.
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